Knowledge

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A

Anzac day

World War 1. ANZAC forces landed at Gallipoli on 25 April, 1915. The objective was to capture Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire, which was an ally of Germany during the war. They met fierce resistance and suffered heavy casualties.

C

Continents

The seven continents listed by size from biggest to smallest:

• Asia
• Africa
• North America
• South America
• Antarctica
• Europe
• Australia

Countries and Capitals

Country	Capital	Code	Continent
Afghanistan	Kabul	AF	Asia
Aland Islands	Mariehamn	AX	Europe
Albania	Tirana	AL	Europe
Algeria	Algiers	DZ	Africa
American Samoa	Pago Pago	AS	Australia
Andorra	Andorra la Vella	AD	Europe
Angola	Luanda	AO	Africa
Anguilla	The Valley	AI	North America
Antarctica	N/A	AQ	Antarctica
Antigua and Barbuda	Saint John's	AG	North America
Argentina	Buenos Aires	AR	South America
Armenia	Yerevan	AM	Europe
Aruba	Oranjestad	AW	North America
Australia	Canberra	AU	Australia
Austria	Vienna	AT	Europe
Azerbaijan	Baku	AZ	Europe
Bahamas	Nassau	BS	North America
Bahrain	Manama	BH	Asia
Bangladesh	Dhaka	BD	Asia
Barbados	Bridgetown	BB	North America
Belarus	Minsk	BY	Europe
Belgium	Brussels	BE	Europe
Belize	Belmopan	BZ	Central America
Benin	Porto-Novo	BJ	Africa
Bermuda	Hamilton	BM	North America
Bhutan	Thimphu	BT	Asia
Bolivia	La Paz	BO	South America
Bosnia and Herzegovina	Sarajevo	BA	Europe
Botswana	Gaborone	BW	Africa
Brazil	Brasilia	BR	South America
British Indian Ocean Territory	Diego Garcia	IO	Africa
British Virgin Islands	Road Town	VG	North America
Brunei Darussalam	Bandar Seri Begawan	BN	Asia
Bulgaria	Sofia	BG	Europe
Burkina Faso	Ouagadougou	BF	Africa
Burundi	Bujumbura	BI	Africa
Cambodia	Phnom Penh	KH	Asia
Cameroon	Yaounde	CM	Africa
Canada	Ottawa	CA	Central America
Cape Verde	Praia	CV	Africa
Cayman Islands	George Town	KY	North America
Central African Republic	Bangui	CF	Africa
Chad	N'Djamena	TD	Africa
Chile	Santiago	CL	South America
China	Beijing	CN	Asia
Christmas Island	The Settlement	CX	Australia
Cocos Islands	West Island	CC	Australia
Colombia	Bogota	CO	South America
Comoros	Moroni	KM	Africa
Cook Islands	Avarua	CK	Australia
Costa Rica	San Jose	CR	Central America
Cote d'Ivoire	Yamoussoukro	CI	Africa
Croatia	Zagreb	HR	Europe
Cuba	Havana	CU	North America
Curaçao	Willemstad	CW	North America
Cyprus	Nicosia	CY	Europe
Czech Republic	Prague	CZ	Europe
Democratic Republic of the Congo	Kinshasa	CD	Africa
Denmark	Copenhagen	DK	Europe
Djibouti	Djibouti	DJ	Africa
Dominica	Roseau	DM	North America
Dominican Republic	Santo Domingo	DO	North America
Ecuador	Quito	EC	South America
Egypt	Cairo	EG	Africa
El Salvador	San Salvador	SV	Central America
Equatorial Guinea	Malabo	GQ	Africa
Eritrea	Asmara	ER	Africa
Estonia	Tallinn	EE	Europe
Ethiopia	Addis Ababa	ET	Africa
Falkland Islands	Stanley	FK	South America
Faroe Islands	Torshavn	FO	Europe
Federated States of Micronesia	Palikir	FM	Australia
Fiji	Suva	FJ	Australia
Finland	Helsinki	FI	Europe
France	Paris	FR	Europe
French Polynesia	Papeete	PF	Australia
French Southern and Antarctic Lands	Port-aux-Français	TF	Antarctica
Gabon	Libreville	GA	Africa
Georgia	Tbilisi	GE	Europe
Germany	Berlin	DE	Europe
Ghana	Accra	GH	Africa
Gibraltar	Gibraltar	GI	Europe
Greece	Athens	GR	Europe
Greenland	Nuuk	GL	Central America
Grenada	Saint George's	GD	North America
Guam	Hagatna	GU	Australia
Guatemala	Guatemala City	GT	Central America
Guernsey	Saint Peter Port	GG	Europe
Guinea	Conakry	GN	Africa
Guinea-Bissau	Bissau	GW	Africa
Guyana	Georgetown	GY	South America
Haiti	Port-au-Prince	HT	North America
Heard Island and McDonald Islands	N/A	HM	Antarctica
Honduras	Tegucigalpa	HN	Central America
Hong Kong	N/A	HK	Asia
Hungary	Budapest	HU	Europe
Iceland	Reykjavik	IS	Europe
India	New Delhi	IN	Asia
Indonesia	Jakarta	ID	Asia
Iran	Tehran	IR	Asia
Iraq	Baghdad	IQ	Asia
Ireland	Dublin	IE	Europe
Isle of Man	Douglas	IM	Europe
Israel	Jerusalem	IL	Asia
Italy	Rome	IT	Europe
Jamaica	Kingston	JM	North America
Japan	Tokyo	JP	Asia
Jersey	Saint Helier	JE	Europe
Jordan	Amman	JO	Asia
Kazakhstan	Astana	KZ	Asia
Kenya	Nairobi	KE	Africa
Kiribati	Tarawa	KI	Australia
Kosovo	Pristina	KO	Europe
Kuwait	Kuwait City	KW	Asia
Kyrgyzstan	Bishkek	KG	Asia
Laos	Vientiane	LA	Asia
Latvia	Riga	LV	Europe
Lebanon	Beirut	LB	Asia
Lesotho	Maseru	LS	Africa
Liberia	Monrovia	LR	Africa
Libya	Tripoli	LY	Africa
Liechtenstein	Vaduz	LI	Europe
Lithuania	Vilnius	LT	Europe
Luxembourg	Luxembourg	LU	Europe
Macau	N/A	MO	Asia
Macedonia	Skopje	MK	Europe
Madagascar	Antananarivo	MG	Africa
Malawi	Lilongwe	MW	Africa
Malaysia	Kuala Lumpur	MY	Asia
Maldives	Male	MV	Asia
Mali	Bamako	ML	Africa
Malta	Valletta	MT	Europe
Marshall Islands	Majuro	MH	Australia
Mauritania	Nouakchott	MR	Africa
Mauritius	Port Louis	MU	Africa
Mexico	Mexico City	MX	Central America
Moldova	Chisinau	MD	Europe
Monaco	Monaco	MC	Europe
Mongolia	Ulaanbaatar	MN	Asia
Montenegro	Podgorica	ME	Europe
Montserrat	Plymouth	MS	North America
Morocco	Rabat	MA	Africa
Mozambique	Maputo	MZ	Africa
Myanmar	Rangoon	MM	Asia
Namibia	Windhoek	N/A	Africa
Nauru	Yaren	NR	Australia
Nepal	Kathmandu	NP	Asia
Netherlands	Amsterdam	NL	Europe
New Caledonia	Noumea	NC	Australia
New Zealand	Wellington	NZ	Australia
Nicaragua	Managua	NI	Central America
Niger	Niamey	NE	Africa
Nigeria	Abuja	NG	Africa
Niue	Alofi	NU	Australia
Norfolk Island	Kingston	NF	Australia
North Korea	Pyongyang	KP	Asia
Northern Cyprus	North Nicosia	N/A	Europe
Northern Mariana Islands	Saipan	MP	Australia
Norway	Oslo	NO	Europe
Oman	Muscat	OM	Asia
Pakistan	Islamabad	PK	Asia
Palau	Melekeok	PW	Australia
Palestine	Jerusalem	PS	Asia
Panama	Panama City	PA	Central America
Papua New Guinea	Port Moresby	PG	Australia
Paraguay	Asuncion	PY	South America
Peru	Lima	PE	South America
Philippines	Manila	PH	Asia
Pitcairn Islands	Adamstown	PN	Australia
Poland	Warsaw	PL	Europe
Portugal	Lisbon	PT	Europe
Puerto Rico	San Juan	PR	North America
Qatar	Doha	QA	Asia
Republic of Congo	Brazzaville	CG	Africa
Romania	Bucharest	RO	Europe
Russia	Moscow	RU	Europe
Rwanda	Kigali	RW	Africa
Saint Barthelemy	Gustavia	BL	North America
Saint Helena	Jamestown	SH	Africa
Saint Kitts and Nevis	Basseterre	KN	North America
Saint Lucia	Castries	LC	North America
Saint Martin	Marigot	MF	North America
Saint Pierre and Miquelon	Saint-Pierre	PM	Central America
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines	Kingstown	VC	Central America
Samoa	Apia	WS	Australia
San Marino	San Marino	SM	Europe
Sao Tome and Principe	Sao Tome	ST	Africa
Saudi Arabia	Riyadh	SA	Asia
Senegal	Dakar	SN	Africa
Serbia	Belgrade	RS	Europe
Seychelles	Victoria	SC	Africa
Sierra Leone	Freetown	SL	Africa
Singapore	Singapore	SG	Asia
Sint Maarten	Philipsburg	SX	North America
Slovakia	Bratislava	SK	Europe
Slovenia	Ljubljana	SI	Europe
Solomon Islands	Honiara	SB	Australia
Somalia	Mogadishu	SO	Africa
Somaliland	Hargeisa	N/A	Africa
South Africa	Pretoria	ZA	Africa
South Georgia and South Sandwich Islands	King Edward Point	GS	Antarctica
South Korea	Seoul	KR	Asia
South Sudan	Juba	SS	Africa
Spain	Madrid	ES	Europe
Sri Lanka	Colombo	LK	Asia
Sudan	Khartoum	SD	Africa
Suriname	Paramaribo	SR	South America
Svalbard	Longyearbyen	SJ	Europe
Swaziland	Mbabane	SZ	Africa
Sweden	Stockholm	SE	Europe
Switzerland	Bern	CH	Europe
Syria	Damascus	SY	Asia
Taiwan	Taipei	TW	Asia
Tajikistan	Dushanbe	TJ	Asia
Tanzania	Dar es Salaam	TZ	Africa
Thailand	Bangkok	TH	Asia
The Gambia	Banjul	GM	Africa
Timor-Leste	Dili	TL	Asia
Togo	Lome	TG	Africa
Tokelau	Atafu	TK	Australia
Tonga	Nuku'alofa	TO	Australia
Trinidad and Tobago	Port of Spain	TT	North America
Tunisia	Tunis	TN	Africa
Turkey	Ankara	TR	Europe
Turkmenistan	Ashgabat	TM	Asia
Turks and Caicos Islands	Grand Turk	TC	North America
Tuvalu	Funafuti	TV	Australia
Uganda	Kampala	UG	Africa
Ukraine	Kyiv	UA	Europe
United Arab Emirates	Abu Dhabi	AE	Asia
United Kingdom	London	GB	Europe
United States	Washington	US	Central America
Uruguay	Montevideo	UY	South America
US Minor Outlying Islands	Washington	UM	Australia
US Virgin Islands	Charlotte Amalie	VI	North America
Uzbekistan	Tashkent	UZ	Asia
Vanuatu	Port-Vila	VU	Australia
Vatican City	Vatican City	VA	Europe
Venezuela	Caracas	VE	South America
Vietnam	Hanoi	VN	Asia
Wallis and Futuna	Mata-Utu	WF	Australia
Western Sahara	El-Aaiún	EH	Africa
Yemen	Sanaa	YE	Asia
Zambia	Lusaka	ZM	Africa
Zimbabwe	Harare	ZW	Africa

D

D-Day

• Date: Tuesday, 6 June 1944.
• Allied invasion of German-occupied Western Europe during World War II.
• Also known as The Battle of Normandy, The Normandy Landings, Operation Neptune.

Declaration of Independence

• Date: July 4, 1776.
• The founding document of the United States.
• The 13 colonies of the U.S. regarded themselves as independent sovereign states no longer under British colonial rule.

F

Finance

Loans

When you borrow money there are three components;

• Principal - the amount they are loaning you.
• Interest - this is applied to the principal.
• Term - you must repay the loan within this timeframe.

G

Gettysburg

• Date: July 1-3, 1863. The Battle of Gettysburg was the deadliest battle during the American Civil War. It was fought between the Union and Confederate forces in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania.
• Date: November 19, 1863. The Gettysburg Address is a famous speech by Abraham Lincoln four and a half months after the Union armies defeated Confederate forces.

Gulf War

• Date: 1990-1991.
• U.S. led war in response to Iraq invasion of Kuwait. There's a few possible reasons why Iraq invaded Kuwait:
• Inability to repay $14bn they borrowed from Kuwait during the Iran-Iraq war.
• Kuwait surge in petroleum production kept revenues down for Iraq.
• Carried out in 2 phases:
• Operation Desert Shield was the military buildup from August 1990 to January 1991.
• Operation Desert Strom was the aerial bombing campaign from 17 January 1991 to 28 February 1991.

I

Independence day

Commemorates the Declaration of Independence (Independence Day) when the 13 colonies were no longer subject to British rule under King George II. They became united, free, and independent states. It was ratified by Congress on July 4, 1776,

U

U.S. Presidents

#	President	Term	Party	Vice President
1	George Washington	1789 - 1797	Unaffiliated	John Adams
2	John Adams	1797 - 1801	Federalist	Thomas Jefferson
3	Thomas Jefferson	1801 - 1809	Democratic-Republican	Aaron Burr George Clinton
4	James Madison	1809 - 1817	Democratic-Republican	George Clinton Vacant after April 20, 1812 Elbridge Gerry Vacant after November 23, 1814
5	James Monroe	1817 - 1825	Democratic-Republican	Daniel D. Tompkins
6	John Quincy Adams	1825 - 1829	Democratic-Republican National Republican	John C. Calhoun
7	Andrew Jackson	1829 - 1837	Democratic	John C. Calhoun Vacant after December 28, 1832 Martin Van Buren
8	Martin Van Buren	1837 - 1841	Democratic	Richard Mentor Johnson
9	William Henry Harrison	1841 - 1841	Whig	John Tyler
10	John Tyler	1841 - 1845	Whig	Vacant throughout presidency
11	James K. Polk	1845 - 1849	Democratic	George M. Dallas
12	Zachary Taylor	1849 - 1850	Whig	Millard Fillmore
13	Millard Fillmore	1850 - 1853	Whig	Vacant throughout presidency
14	Franklin Pierce	1853 - 1857	Democratic	William R. King Vacant after April 18, 1853
15	James Buchanan	1857 - 1861	Democratic	John C. Breckinridge
16	Abraham Lincoln	1861 - 1865	Republican National Union	Hannibal Hamlin Andrew Johnson
17	Andrew Johnson	1865 - 1869	National Union Democratic	Vacant throughout presidency
18	Ulysses S. Grant	1869 - 1877	Republican	Schuyler Colfax Henry Wilson Vacant after November 22, 1875
19	Rutherford B. Hayes	1877 - 1881	Republican	William A. Wheeler
20	James A. Garfield	1881 - 1881	Republican	Chester A. Arthur
21	Chester A. Arthur	1881 - 1885	Republican	Vacant throughout presidency
22	Grover Cleveland	1885 - 1889	Democratic	Thomas A. Hendricks Vacant after November 25, 1885
23	Benjamin Harrison	1889 - 1893	Republican	Levi P. Morton
24	Grover Cleveland	1893 - 1897	Democratic	Adlai Stevenson
25	William McKinley	1897 - 1901	Republican	Garret Hobart Vacant after November 21, 1899 Theodore Roosevelt
26	Theodore Roosevelt	1901 - 1909	Republican	Vacant through March 4, 1905 Charles W. Fairbanks
27	William Howard Taft	1909 - 1913	Republican	James S. Sherman Vacant after October 30, 1912
28	Woodrow Wilson	1913 - 1921	Democratic	Thomas R. Marshall
29	Warren G. Harding	1921 - 1923	Republican	Calvin Coolidge
30	Calvin Coolidge	1923 - 1929	Republican	Vacant through March 4, 1925 Charles G. Dawes
31	Herbert Hoover	1929 - 1933	Republican	Charles Curtis
32	Franklin D. Roosevelt	1933 - 1945	Democratic	John Nance Garner Henry A. Wallace Harry S. Truman
33	Harry S. Truman	1945 - 1953	Democratic	Vacant through January 20, 1949 Alben W. Barkley
34	Dwight D. Eisenhower	1953 - 1961	Republican	Richard Nixon
35	John F. Kennedy	1961 - 1963	Democratic	Lyndon B. Johnson
36	Lyndon B. Johnson	1963 - 1969	Democratic	Vacant through January 20, 1965 Hubert Humphrey
37	Richard Nixon	1969 - 1974	Democratic	Spiro Agnew Vacant October 10 - December 6, 1973 Gerald Ford
38	Gerald Ford	1974 - 1977	Republican	Vacant through December 19, 1974 Nelson Rockefeller
39	Jimmy Carter	1977 - 1981	Democratic	Walter Mondale
40	Ronald Reagan	1981 - 1989	Republican	George H. W. Bush
41	George H. W. Bush	1989 - 1993	Republican	Dan Quayle
42	Bill Clinton	1993 - 2001	Democratic	Al Gore
43	George W. Bush	2001 - 2009	Republican	Dick Cheney
44	Barack Obama	2009 - 2017	Democratic	Joe Biden
45	Donald Trump	2017 - 2021	Republican	Mike Pence
46	Joe Biden	2021 - present	Democratic	Kamala Harris

V

Vietnam War

• Date: 1 November 1955 - 30 April 1975.
• Fought between North Vietnam and South Vietnam.
• North Vietnam allies:    China, Soviet Union, North Korea, Viet Cong and PRG, Khmer Rouge.
• South Vietnam allies:  United States, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand, Laos, Cambodia, Khmer Republic, Thailand, Philippines.

Background

• In the early 1900s, Vietnam was part of the French colony
• Japan seized the colony in 1940 and held it until 1945.
• The Viet Minh wanted independence so they fought an eight-year war with the French called the French Indochina war.
• The Viet Minh defeated the French in 1954.
• A meeting was held between France and the Viet Minh (and other countries) to decide what should happen to Vietnam.
• They decided to divide it into North Vietnam and South Vietnam.
• The Viet Minh got North Vietnam, Ho Chi Minh was president.
• Vietnamese supporters of France got South Vietnam with Ngo Dinh Diem as leader.
• The French left the country.

Civil War

• In 1957, communist rebels (called the Viet Cong) in South Vietnam began fighting against Diem's government.
• North Vietnamese trained the Viet Cong and the U.S. Army trained the South Vietnamese.
• Diem lost support of South Vietnamese and they killed him. He was Catholic and so treated Buddhist followers harshly i.e. imprisoned and killed them. Army officers took over government.

U.S. Troops Arrive

• U.S. participation in the war expanded by 1964. As a result of this, a U.S. warship was attacked in the Gulf of Tonkin.
• By 1968 the U.S. had more than 500,000 troops in Vietnam.
• The Soviet Union and China supported North Vietnam and the Viet Cong.
• 1968 was the Tet (holiday) offensive, where communists attacked 30 cities in South Vietnam.
• U.S. public start to think war can't be won and protests start.
• In 1968, Nixon started moving troops out but bombing continued, even into Viet Cong hiding places like Cambodia and Laos.

War Ends

• In 1973, North and South Vietnam, Viet Cong and the U.S. signed an agreement to stop fighting. All U.S. troops pulled out but the fighting continued.
• The U.S supported South Vietnam financially but by 1974 it cut military aid back. The South Vietnamese army fell apart quickly after that.
• In 1975 North Vietnam launched a massive invasion of South Vietnam. They entered Saigon and the was was over.
• In 1976 they combined both countries into Vietnam and made Hanoi the capital.
• They renamed Saigon to Ho Chi Minh city in honour of Ho who died in 1969.

W

World Map

World War 1

• Date: 28 July 1914 - 11 November 1918.
• Allies: France, US, UK, Russia, Italy, Japan.
• Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire.
• Deaths: 15 - 22 million.
• Cause: Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne) by Bosnian Serb Gavrilo Princip. Austria-Hungary held Serbia responsible, and declared war on 28 July.
• Also known as The Great War.

World War 2

• Date: 1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945.
• Allies: US, UK, Russia.
• Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan.
• Deaths: 70 - 85 million.
• Cause: Too complicated.